Differential association between dairy intake patterns and incident prostate cancer: a potential dairy matrix effect.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between dairy intake patterns and the risk of prostate cancer (PC), and its histological differentiation, among men from Mexico City. METHODS: We analyzed the information from 394 incident PC cases paired by age (± 5 years) with 794 population controls. According to the Gleason score at diagnosis, cases were classified as well- (≤ 6), moderately- (= 7), and poorly differentiated PC (≥ 8). Based on a semiquantitative-food frequency questionnaire and using energy-density approach, we estimated the energy-adjusted daily intake of whole milk, cheese (fresh, Oaxaca, and Manchego), cream, and yogurt. Through a principal component analysis, we identified three dairy intake patterns: whole milk, cheese, and yogurt. The association between each dairy intake pattern and PC was evaluated from independent nonconditional logistic regression models. We also evaluated the mediator role of calcium and saturated fat intake. RESULTS: After adjustment, a high intake of whole milk pattern was associated with a 63% increased risk of PC (ORhigh vs low: 1.63; 95% CI 1.17-2.25, p trend = 0.002); at expenses of moderately (ORhigh vs low: 1.77; 95% CI 1.09-2.85, p trend = 0.015) and poorly differentiated PC (ORhigh vs low: 1.75; 95% CI 1.05- 2.92, p trend = 0.031). The association was mainly mediated by calcium intake (proportion mediated = 1.17; p < 0.01). No associations were found between cream and yogurt intake patterns with risk of PC, and its histological grade. CONCLUSIONS: A differential association of dairy intake patterns with risk of PC, and the poorly differentiated PC, was identified. This association seems to be determined by different dairy matrices and it is mediated by calcium content. Longitudinal studies are needed to confirm these findings and be able to identify other potential mediators in the etiology of PC.

Association of serum testosterone with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in a nationally representative sample of White, Black, and Hispanic men.

BACKGROUND: The association between total testosterone (T) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), remains poorly understood. We aim to investigate this association and how it varies by smoking status, body fatness, and race/ethnicity in a nationally representative sample of American men. METHODS: Data included a full sample (NHANES 1988-1991, 1999-2004, 2011-2012) and subset sample (excluding 2011-2012, no estradiol and SHBG levels available) of 2748 and 906 men (≥20 years), respectively. COPD was measured by self-report or spirometry test. Total T (ng/mL) was measured among men who participated in a morning examination session. Weighted multivariable-adjusted logistic regression models were conducted. RESULTS: Low T was positively associated with self-reported COPD in the full sample (OR = 2.10, 95% CI = 1.18-3.74, Ptrend = 0.010), and when stratified by current smokers and body fatness. When examined across race and ethnicity strata, this association persisted among White men (OR = 2.50, 95% CI = 1.30-4.79, Ptrend = 0.002) but not among Hispanic or Black men. In the subset sample, low T was positively associated with self-reported COPD (OR = 1.42, 95% CI, 0.57,3.55, Ptrend = 0.04), including among smokers and White men, but not body fatness. No significant associations were observed with COPD defined with spirometry plus self-report. CONCLUSION: Low levels of T were associated with an increased prevalence of self-reported COPD in the full and subset samples. Similar associations were observed after stratifying by smoking status, body fatness, and race/ethnicity in the full sample and subset sample. Prospective studies are warranted to confirm these significant associations among understudied and underserved populations.

Decreased DNA repair capacity caused by exposure to metal mixtures is modulated by the PARP1 rs1136410 variant in newborns from a polluted metropolitan area.

BACKGROUND: DNA damage caused by exposure to metal mixtures and the potential modulating role of genes involved in DNA repair and the antioxidant response have not been evaluated in newborns. AIM: The aim was to evaluate the association between prenatal exposure to metal mixtures and DNA repair capacity (DRC) in newborns from the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City (MAMC), a heavily polluted area, and the impact of variants in genes involved in DNA repair and the antioxidant response on this association. METHODS: We analyzed cord blood samples obtained at delivery from 125 healthy newborns from the MAMC. Twenty-four elements were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‒MS), but only 12 (Cu, I, Se, Zn, As, Ba, Cs, Mn, Sb, Sr, Pb, and Ti) were quantified in most samples. DRC was assessed by the challenge-comet assay, and OGG1, PARP1, and NFE2L2 genotyping was performed with TaqMan probes. Metal mixtures were identified and analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA) and weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression. Independent adjusted linear regression models were used to evaluate the associations. RESULTS: A null DRC was observed in 46% of newborns. The metals with the highest concentrations were Mn, Sr, Ti, and Pb. Essential elements showed normal levels. Only the mixture characterized by increased As, Cs, Cu, Se, and Zn levels was inversely associated with DRC. As was the principal contributor (37.8%) in the negative direction in the DRC followed by Ba and Sb, according to the WQS regression. Newborns carrying of the derived (G) allele of the PARP1 rs1136410 variant showed decreased DRC by exposure to some potentially toxic metals (PTMs) (As, Cs, and Ba). CONCLUSION: Prenatal exposure to metal mixtures negatively affected DRC in newborns, and the PARP1 rs1136410 variant had a modulating role in this association.

Association of sleep duration and quality with serum testosterone concentrations among men and women: NHANES 2011-2016.

BACKGROUND: The association between testosterone concentrations and sleep duration is poorly understood. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between sleep duration and quality with serum testosterone concentrations and its variation by sex and age. METHODS: Data were analyzed for 8748 men and women (≥20 years old) who participated in the cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2016, a cross-sectional study. Total testosterone (ng/dL) was measured and categorized (low, moderate, and high) based on established cut-offs for men and its tertile distribution among women. Sleep duration was classified as ≤6, 7-8, and ≥9 h. Sleep quality was classified as poor or good based on the frequency of trouble falling or staying asleep or sleeping too much. Weighted multivariable adjusted and multinomial logistic regression models were conducted to assess these associations. RESULTS: The association between sleep duration and testosterone concentrations, varied according to sex and age. Sleep deprivation (≤6 h) was associated with high testosterone (odds ratio = 3.62; 95% confidence interval: 1.37, 9.53) among young men (20-40 years old); meanwhile, middle-aged men (41-64 years old) who reported more sleep duration had low testosterone (odds ratio = 2.03; 95% confidence interval: 1.10, 3.73). A J-shaped association between sleep duration and low testosterone (odds ratio≤6 h  = 1.57; 95% confidence interval: 1.10, 2.27; odds ratio≥9  h  = 2.06; 95% confidence interval: 1.18, 3.59) was observed in women aged 41-64 years. We did not find any association with sleep quality. CONCLUSION: The association of sleep duration with serum testosterone concentrations varies with sex and age group. Prospective studies are warranted to confirm these sex and age group differences.

Disparities on prostate cancer survival in Mexico: a retrospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate prostate cancer (PC) survival in Mexico and explore survival disparities according to the marginalization level of residence place. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A nationwide administrative claims database (4 110 men) whose PC treatment was financed by Seguro Popular between 2012-2016, was cross-linked to the National Mortality Registry up to December 2019. Patients were classified according to their oncological risk at diagnosis and the marginalization level of the residence municipality. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate multivariable survival functions. RESULTS: Five-years PC survival (69%; 95%CI: 68,71%) ranged from 72% to 54% at very low and very high marginalization, respectively (p for trend<0.001). The lowest PC survival was observed in men with high-risk PC (47%; 95%CI: 33,66%) residents in very high marginalization municipalities. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, PC survival was lower than that reported in other Latin American countries. The distribution of oncologic risk and survival differences across marginalization levels suggests limited early detection and cancer health disparities.

Late puberty onset and lack of acne during adolescence reduce high-grade prostate cancer at adulthood.

BACKGROUND: The interplay between pubertal events patterns (PEP) and prostate cancer (PCa) remains poorly understood. Therefore, we investigated the association of PEP with the odds of PCa, and PCa histological differentiation in men residents of Mexico city. METHODS: In this case-control study, we analyzed the information of 371 incident prostate cancer cases and 775 controls matched on age (±5 years). High-grade prostate cancer was classified with Gleason score at diagnosis as ≥8. With information related to beard growth, age at maximum height attainment, and acne severity, the k-medoids algorithm was used to identify three mutually exclusive PEP (early, intermediate, and late). This association was evaluated using multivariable nonconditional logistic regression models. RESULTS: Men with late PEP, characterized by age at maximum height attainment at around 23 years and no history of acne, was inversely associated with incident (odds ratio [OR]: 0.27; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.15-0.48, p trend <0.01) and high-grade prostate cancer (OR: 0.24; 95% CI: 0.09-0.59, p trend <0.01). Similar associations were observed even after adjusting by IGF-1 (OR: 0.19; 95% CI: 0.06-0.58) and androgens excretion (OR: 0.21; 95% CI: 0.06-0.66). Only the association between the absence of acne and prostate cancer remained significant after adjustment by these biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that pubertal characteristics might be helpful in identifying risk groups, among which, secondary prevention strategies could be applied. Also, the results agree with previous work suggesting other potential biological mechanisms involved in the etiology of prostate cancer such as the infectious and inflammatory pathways.

Use of weight loss medications in relation with prostate, colorectal and male breast cancers among older men: SEER-Medicare 2007-2015.

BACKGROUND: The association of weight loss medications with prostate (PCa), colorectal (CRC) or male breast cancers, including assessment of these cancers combined (HRCs, hormone-associated cancers) remain poorly understood. Testosterone replacement therapy (TTh) is reported to be inversely associated with obesity, PCa and CRC, but it is unclear whether TTh modifies the association of weight loss medications with HRCs. METHODS: In 49,038 men (≥ 65 years) of SEER-Medicare, we identified 15,471 men diagnosed with PCa, 4836 with CRC, and 141 with male breast cancers. Pre-diagnostic prescription of weight loss medications and TTh was ascertained for this analysis. Weighted multivariable-adjusted conditional logistic and Cox proportional hazards (mortality) models were conducted. RESULTS: We found an inverse association between use of weight loss medications and incident PCa (OR 0.59, 95% CI 0.57-0.62), CRC (OR 0.86, 95% CI 0.80-0.92), and HRCs (OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.62-0.68). Similar associations were observed for advanced stage at diagnosis of PCa and CRC. Effects of weight loss medications on PCa and HRC remained significant irrespective of the use of TTh but were only suggestive with CRC with positive TTh use. No associations were observed with male breast cancer and HRCs mortality. CONCLUSION: Pre-diagnostic use of weight loss medications reduced the incidence of PCa, CRC, and HRCs. These associations persisted in the same direction irrespective of the history of TTh use. Future studies are needed to confirm these findings and to identify underlying biological mechanisms of weight loss medications and TTh on the risk of cancer.

Exposure to p,p´-DDE during early pregnancy, anthropometry, and gestational age at birth, in a flower-growing region of Mexico.

Prenatal exposure to dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p´-DDE) may interfere with fetal development; however, studies evaluating anthropometry and gestational age at birth show inconsistent results. Typically, p,p´-DDE exposure has been measured during the third trimester and missed the key early pregnancy period. We evaluated the association between p,p´-DDE exposure before week 18 of pregnancy and anthropometry at birth, as well as gestational length, in 170 mother-child pairs from a cohort study in a flower-growing mexican region. Maternal serum p,p´-DDE concentrations were determined by gas chromatography. The associations between p,p´-DDE and z-scores of birth weight, birth length, and gestational age were evaluated by linear multiple regression models. Logistic regression models were used for low birth weight and small size for gestational age. Effect modification by child's sex was explored. The average gestational age at the blood sample extraction was 10.6 weeks. p,p'-DDE was detected in 64.7% of mothers, at a geometric mean of 0.24 ng/mL. Prenatal p,p´-DDE exposure was not associated with the birth outcomes in the whole sample. However, a high p,p´-DDE exposure was marginally associated with greater small for gestational age risk in male newborns (OR≥0.076ng/mL vs <0.076 ng/mL = 3.09, 95% CI: 0.61; 15.58), but not in female (p for interaction = 0.08).Even though, we found no reductions in anthropometric measurements or gestational length associated with early prenatal p,p´-DDE exposure, the potential effect modification by infant's sex in terms of small for the gestational age risk deserves future studies.

Prenatal Exposure to Potentially Toxic Metals and Their Effects on Genetic Material in Offspring: a Systematic Review.

In recent years, the background level of environmental pollutants, including metals, has increased. Pollutant exposure during the earliest stages of life may determine chronic disease susceptibility in adulthood because of genetic or epigenetic changes. The objective of this review was to identify the association between prenatal and early postnatal exposure to potentially toxic metals (PTMs) and their adverse effects on the genetic material of offspring. A systematic review was carried out following the Cochrane methodology in four databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. Eligible papers were those conducted in humans and published in English between 2010/01/01 and 2021/04/30. A total of 57 articles were included, most of which evaluated prenatal exposure. Most commonly evaluated PTMs were As, Cd, and Pb. Main adverse effects on the genetic material of newborns associated with PTM prenatal exposure were alterations in telomere length, gene or protein expression, mitochondrial DNA content, metabolomics, DNA damage, and epigenetic modifications. Many of these effects were sex-specific, being predominant in boys. One article reported a synergistic interaction between As and Hg, and two articles observed antagonistic interactions between PTMs and essential metals, such as Cu, Se, and Zn. The findings in this review highlight that the problem of PTM exposure persists, affecting the most susceptible populations, such as newborns. Some of these associations were observed at low concentrations of PTMs. Most of the studies have focused on single exposures; however, three interactions between essential and nonessential metals were observed, highlighting that metal mixtures need more attention.

Metabolic Syndrome and Prostate Cancer Risk: A Population Case-control Study.

BACKGROUND: Metabolic syndrome (MS) with mixed dyslipidemia and prostate cancer (PC) are relevant health problems among Mexican men. However, there is no information regarding the association between MS and PC for this population. AIM OF THE STUDY: To evaluate this association in a population case-control study in Mexico City. METHODS: We analyzed the information from 394 incident PC-cases and 793 population age-matched (± 5 years) controls, identified in Mexico City (2011-2014). For cases, Gleason score at diagnosis was available. We defined MS history based on the self-report of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and diabetes; obesity was evaluated using weight-change trajectories throughout life. In addition, the four MS-typologies described for Mexican population were used. The association between MS with PC and histological PC differentiation was evaluated using independent multivariate logistic regression models. RESULTS: MS history was associated with a high PC probability (OR 1.94; 95% CI 1.37-2.75). Lipid alterations, arterial hypertension, and a marked weight increase throughout life were associated with increased PC probability; however, only the marked weight increase was associated with more poorly differentiated PC (Gleason ≥8) (OR 2.79; 95% CI 1.50-5.17). CONCLUSION: Like other populations, in this Mexican study, MS and some of its components were identified as potential PC risk factors. MS-lipid alteration typology seems to be relevant; however, the novelty of this approach together with the retrospective nature of this study, indicate that a prospective evaluation of the MS typologies and PC association must be performed.

Maternal urinary fluoride during pregnancy and birth weight and length: Results from ELEMENT cohort study.

Epidemiological studies assessing prenatal fluoride exposure and anthropometry at birth are scarce, inconsistent and with methodological limitations. The aim of this study was to evaluate associations between maternal urinary fluoride (MUF) at each trimester of pregnancy and birth weight and length in 536 mother-child pairs in the Early Life Exposures in Mexico to Environmental Toxicants (ELEMENT) cohort study. MUF (mg/L) was measured using microdiffusion/fluoride-specific electrode from at least one trimester of pregnancy. Non-linear associations were assessed through segmented regression models (MUF and birth weight Z-score) and we used linear regression models for MUF and birth length Z-score. Models were adjusted for potential confounders including urinary creatinine concentrations as a covariate. Non-creatinine adjusted MUF levels at each trimester of pregnancy were 0.81, 0.86, and 0.82 mg/L, mean concentrations for first, second and third trimester, respectively. For birth weight, we identified a MUF breakpoint at 0.99, 0.68 and 0.58 mg/L, for first, second and third trimester of pregnancy, respectively. In the first trimester, an increase of 1 mg/L in MUF concentrations ≥0.99 mg/L was associated with an increase in weight Z-score at birth (ß = 0.79; 95% CI: 0.10, 1.48; p = 0.02). Second trimester MUF (≥0.68 mg/L) was marginally associated with birth weight decrease (ß = -0.25; 95% CI: -0.55, 0.04; p = 0.09) and third trimester MUF (≥0.58 mg/L) was significantly associated with birth weight decrease (ß = -0.33; 95% CI: -0.63, -0.03; p = 0.03). We observed a linear and significant association between MUF and Z-score of length at birth only for the first trimester of pregnancy (ß = 0.55; 95% CI: 0.07, 1.04; p < 0.02). Prenatal fluoride exposure was associated with birthweight z-score with different susceptibility windows. Our findings reinforce the hypothesis that maternal fluoride exposure may affect birth anthropometry.

Association between life-course leisure-time physical activity and prostate cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between life-course leisure-time physical activity (PA) and prostate cancer (PC) among males living in Mexico City. Materials and meth-ods. Information from 394 incident PC cases and 794 popula-tion controls matched by age (± 5 years), was analyzed. Using leisure-time PA information at different life stages, life-course PA patterns were constructed. The association between PA and PC was estimated using an unconditional logistic regres-sion model. RESULTS: Three life-course PA patterns were identified: low PA (71.0%), moderate PA (22.0%), and high PA (7.0%); this last pattern was characterized by higher levels and consistent PA practice. Compared with inactive males, those in the high PA pattern (OR: 0.50; 95%CI: 0.26-0.93) had significantly lower PC odds. CONCLUSION: Intense and regular PA could reduce the possibility of PC. These results are in accordance with PA World Health Organization rec-ommendations.

Association between life-course leisure-time physical activity and prostate cancer / Actividad física a lo largo de la vida y su asociación con cáncer de próstata

Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the association between life-course leisure-time physical activity (PA) and prostate cancer (PC) among males living in Mexico City. Materials and methods: Information from 394 incident PC cases and 794 population controls matched by age (± 5 years), was analyzed. Using leisure-time PA information at different life stages, life-course PA patterns were constructed. The association between PA and PC was estimated using an unconditional logistic regression model. Results: Three life-course PA patterns were identified: low PA (71.0%), moderate PA (22.0%), and high PA (7.0%); this last pattern was characterized by higher levels and consistent PA practice. Compared with inactive males, those in the high PA pattern (OR: 0.50; 95%CI: 0.26-0.93) had significantly lower PC odds. Conclusion: Intense and regular PA could reduce the possibility of PC. These results are in accordance with PA World Health Organization recommendations.

Resumen: Objetivo: Evaluar la asociación entre la actividad física (AF) en la vida y el cáncer de próstata (CP) en hombres. Material y métodos: Se analizó la AF de 394 casos incidentes de CP y 794 controles poblacionales pareados por edad (± 5 años). Se utilizó la información de AF en diferentes etapas para generar los patrones de AF a lo largo de la vida. La asociación entre AF y CP se estimó mediante regresión logística no condicionada. Resultados: Se identificaron tres patrones de AF: baja (71.0%), moderada (22.0%) y alta (7.0%); este último patrón se caracterizó por una AF consistentemente mayor a lo largo de la vida. Comparado con los hombres inactivos, aquéllos en el patrón de alta AF (RM= 0.50; IC95% = 0.26-0.93) presentaron menos posibilidades de tener CP. Conclusión: El papel protector de la AF parece estar en función de la intensidad y regularidad de su práctica y apoyan las recomendaciones de la OMS.

Urinary androgens excretion patterns and prostate cancer in Mexican men.

Epidemiological studies related to androgens and prostate cancer (PC) have focused on serum determination of testosterone, androstenedione (A4), and DHEA, with inconsistent results. Herein, we hypothesized that differences in androgen biosynthetic and metabolic pathways, rather than differences in specific androgen concentrations, are associated with prostatic carcinogenesis. Therefore, spot urine samples from 111 incident PC cases with Gleason score at diagnosis and 227 healthy population controls, were analyzed. Urinary androgen concentrations (nanograms/milligrams of creatinine) were determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS). Using a factor analysis, we identified three androgen urinary excretion patterns. In a subsample, we evaluated a modification effect of the androgen receptor (AR) CAG polymorphism. Pattern I, characterized by A4 and testosterone hydroxylated metabolites (11ß-OHT; 2ß-OHT; 15ß-OHT; 2α-OHT; 6ß-OHT), was associated with high PC odds among carriers of AR gene (CAG)>19 repeats (OR: 3.67 95% CI: 1.23-11.0; P for interaction= 0.009). Conversely, higher testosterone excretion (pattern III), was marginally associated with lower (OR: 0.35 95% CI: 0.12-1.00, P for trend= 0.08) poorly differentiated PC (Gleason ≥8). No clear association was observed with pattern II (DHEA; 16α and 16ß-OHT). Our results were consistent with the previous evidence which suggests that the C11-oxy backdoor pathway is important for prostatic carcinogenesis. Androgen urine excretion analysis could be useful for PC diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis; however, further studies with a larger number of samples and the urinary determination of 11-ketoandrogens are necessary.

Desarrollo del lenguaje en hijos e hijas de madres adolescentes por área de residencia, Ensanut 100k / Language development in children of adolescent mothers by residence area, Ensanut 100k

Resumen: Objetivo: Evaluar la asociación entre embarazo en la adolescencia y desarrollo del lenguaje (DL), en niños(as) residentes en zonas económicamente vulnerables de México. Material y métodos: Estimación y comparación del puntaje estandarizado de lenguaje de niños(as) de 12-59 meses participantes en la Ensanut 100k e hijos(as) de madres que al nacimiento fueron adolescentes (12-19 años) o adultas (>20 años). La asociación se estimó mediante regresión lineal multivariada y probamos una interacción entre condición materna y lugar de residencia. Resultados: Los hijos(as) de adolescentes que residen en áreas urbanas tuvieron un DL menor que los hijos(as) de madres adultas, (ß= -0.33 IC95%: -0.65 a -0.01; p interacción <0.01). Sin embargo, la disponibilidad de libros o apoyo materno al aprendizaje redujeron esta diferencia. Conclusiones: La presión sociocultural hacia las adolescentes en zonas urbanas podría explicar los resultados observados; no obstante, esta población podría ser susceptible de estrategias dirigidas a mejorar la relación madre-hijo y el apoyo al aprendizaje.

Abstract: Objetive: To evaluate the association between adolescent pregnancy and language development, in children living in socio-economic vulnerable areas of Mexico. Materials and methods: We estimated the standardized language score of children age 12-59 months who participated in the Ensanut 100k. Teenage mothers (TM) were those who at delivery was between 12-19 years old. The association was estimated using multivariate linear regression; moreover, we evaluated an interaction between type of mother and place of residence. Results: Children of TM who lived in urban areas had lower standardized language score than those children of adult mothers (ß= -0.33 95%CI: -0.65 a -0.01; p for interaction<0.01). However, book availability and/or mother's support for learning significantly reduce this difference. Conclusions: Sociocultural pressures towards TM in urban areas could explain the results; nevertheless, this population could be susceptible to strategies aimed to improve the mother-child relationship and support for learning.

Dietary flavonoid patterns and prostate cancer: evidence from a Mexican population-based case-control study.

Flavonoids are a broad group of bioactive compounds with anticarcinogenic effects on the prostate that have been scarcely evaluated in Latin American populations. Our objective was to evaluate the association between dietary patterns of flavonoid intake and prostate cancer (PC) in a population-based case-control study carried out in Mexico City. Based on a semi-quantitative FFQ with a frame reference of 3 years before diagnosis or interview, we used an updated database for estimating the daily intake (mg/d) of flavones, flavonols and flavanols for 395 confirmed incident PC cases and 797 population controls matched by age (± 5 years). Histological PC differentiation was evaluated using the Gleason score at diagnosis. Flavonoid dietary intake patterns (FDIP) were determined through principal component analysis, and their association with PC was estimated using logistic regression models. Three FDIP were identified: gallate pattern (GP) characterised by (-)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate and (+)-gallocatechin; luteolin pattern (LP) characterised by luteolin and (-)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate; and a mixed pattern (MP) that included (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin and quercetin. A higher GP (ORT3 v.T1 = 0·47; 95 % CI 0·33, 0·66) and LP intake (ORT3 v. T1 = 0·39; 95 % CI 0·27, 0·59) were associated with a decreased PC likelihood. In contrast, a higher MP intake (ORT3 v. T1 = 2·32; 95 % CI 1·67, 3·23) increased PC likelihood. The possible differential and synergistic anticarcinogenic role of flavonoid compounds in PC deserves further study.

Language development in children of adolescent mothers by residence area, Ensanut 100k / Desarrollo del lenguaje en hijos e hijas de madres adolescentes por área de residencia, Ensanut 100k.

Objective: To evaluate the association between adolescent pregnancy and language development in children living in socioeconomically vulnerable areas of Mexico. Materials and methods: We estimated the standardized language score of children aged 12-59 months who participated in the Ensanut 100k. Teenage mothers (TM) were those who at delivery was between 12-19 years old. The association was estimated using multivariate linear regression; moreover, we evaluated an interaction between type of mother and place of residence. Results: Children of TM who lived in urban areas had lower standardized language scores than those of adult mothers (ß= -0.33 95%CI: -0.65 a -0.01; p for interaction<0.01). However, book availability and/or mother's support for learning significantly reduce this difference. Conclusions: Sociocultural pressures towards TM in urban areas could explain the results; nevertheless, this population could be susceptible to strategies aimed to improve the mother-child relationship and support for learning.

Correction to 'ALOX5, LPA, MMP9 and TPO gene polymorphisms increase atherothrombosis susceptibility in middle-aged Mexicans'.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1098/rsos.190775.].

ALOX5, LPA, MMP9 and TPO gene polymorphisms increase atherothrombosis susceptibility in middle-aged Mexicans.

Atherothrombosis is the cornerstone of cardiovascular diseases and the primary cause of death worldwide. Genetic contribution to disturbances in lipid metabolism, coagulation, inflammation and oxidative stress increase the susceptibility to its development and progression. Given its multifactorial nature, the multiloci studies have been proposed as potential predictors of susceptibility. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the contribution of nine genes involved in oxidative stress, inflammatory and thrombotic processes in 204 subjects with atherothrombosis matched by age and gender with a healthy group (n = 204). To evaluate the possibility of spurious associations owing to the Mexican population genetic heterogeneity as well as its ancestral origins, 300 unrelated mestizo individuals and 329 Native Americans were also included. ALOX5, LPA, MMP9 and TPO gene polymorphisms, as well as their multiallelic combinations, were twice to four times more frequent in those individuals with clinical manifestations of atherothrombosis than in the healthy group. Once adjusting for population stratification was done, these differences remained. Our results add further evidence on the contribution of ALOX5, LPA, MMP9 and TPO polymorphisms to atherothrombosis development in the middle-aged group, emphasizing the multiethnic studies in search of gene risk polymorphisms.

BRCA1 and VDR gene polymorphisms are associated with prostate cancer risk in Mexican men.

Prostate cancer (PC) is a polygenic disease with broad differences across ethnicities. BRCA1/2 and VDR have exhibited a featured genetic contribution to PC development in European populations. Nonetheless, its contribution in Latino populations specifically among Mexican men, where 70% of PC cases are detected in advanced stages, is still unknown. The contribution of seven polymorphisms in BRCA1/2 and VDR genes to PC susceptibility was evaluated in 370 incident PC cases and 759 age-matched (±5 years) controls belonging to the Mexican population. Based on Gleason score at diagnosis, PC cases were classified as well-differentiated PC (Gleason <7) and moderate or poorly differentiated PC (Gleason ≥7). Age at diagnosis was used to divided PC cases in earlier (<60 years) and late-onset PC (≥60 years). Prostate and breast cancer family histories were obtained through interview. Our results provided evidences about the contribution of BRCA1-rs1799966 (ORCC genotype = 2.30; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.36-3.91) to the moderate or poorly differentiated PC risk, independently of the family history of prostate, breast or ovary cancer. Further, VDR-rs2238135-G allele was associated with early-onset PC (ORG allele = 2.05; 95% CI = 1.06-3.95), and marginally with moderate or poorly differentiated PC risk. The present study revealed the crucial role of BRCA1 in PC aggressiveness risk, outstanding the gender imbalance regarding the breast cancer risk in women.